| General Family Notes | |||||||||||
| NOTES and DOCUMENTS RELATED TO THE COOK'S | |||||||||||
| DNA RESULTS for JAMES O. COOK, JR. | |||||||||||
| Below is certificate that confirms James O. Cook, Jr.'s Y-DNA test results. | |||||||||||
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| Below is Y-DNA Human Migration Map for Haplogroups - James O. Cook's Y-DNA Haplogroup is R1b1b2 | |||||||||||
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| R1b1b2 Most of the present-day European males with the M343 marker also have the P25 and M269 markers. These markers define the R1b1b2 subclade. This subgroup is believed by some to have existed before the last Ice Age and has been associated with the Aurignacian culture[13] (32,000 - 21,000 BC). Archeological evidence supports the view of the arrival of Aurignacian culture to Anatolia from Europe during the Upper Paleolithic rather than from the Iranian plateau[14]. Although the precise route of the M269 marker is not known, it is theorized to have originated in Central Asia/South Central Siberia. It could have entered prehistoric Europe from the area of Ukraine/Belarus or Central Asia (Kazakhstan) via the coasts of the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.[2] It is considered widespread in Europe throughout the Paleolithic already before the last Ice Age.[15] Traditionally this culture is associated with the Cro-Magnon people, the first modern humans to enter Europe. However, this view has recently been challenged.[16] The people of the Aurignacian culture were the first documented human artists, making sophisticated cave paintings. Famous sites include Lascaux in France, Altamira in Spain and Valley of Foz Côa in Portugal (the largest open-air site in Europe). European LGM refuges, 20 kya.The glaciation of the ice age intensified, and the continent became increasingly uninhabitable. The genetic diversity narrowed through founder effects and population bottlenecks, as the population became limited to a few coastal refugia in Southern Europe. The present-day population of R1b in Western Europe are believed to be the descendants of a refugium in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where the R1b1b2 haplogroup may have achieved genetic homogeneity. As conditions eased with the Allerød Oscillation in about 12,000 BC, descendants of this group migrated and eventually recolonised all of Western Europe, leading to the dominant position of R1b in variant degrees from Iberia to Scandinavia, so evident in haplogroup maps.[11] A second R1b1b2 population, reflected in a somewhat different distribution of haplotypes of the more rapidly varying Y-STR markers, appear to have survived alongside other haplogroups in Eastern Europe. However, they do not have the same dominance that R1b has in Western Europe. Instead the most common haplogroup in Eastern Europe is haplogroup R1a1. Note that haplogroup R1b and haplogroup R1a first existed at very different times. The mutations that characterize haplogroup R1b occurred ~30,000 years bp, whereas the mutations that characterize haplogroup R1a occurred ~10,000 years bp. (In earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the R1b haplogroup. Then, for a time [from 2003 to 2005] what is now R1b1b2 was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008 it was R1b1c. This shows how nomenclature can evolve as new markers are discovered and then investigated). Dupandunlop argued in 2002[6] that Basque alleles and hence haplogroup R1b1b2 were the most representative of Paleolithic European population. In this she followed previous research done fundamentally on mitochondrial DNA. Many other authors have followed her conclusions for further research, assuming thereafter that R1b1b2 is of Paleolithic origin. Based on R1b frequency and variability, most researchers considered the genetic pool of western European countries - Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, north Italy, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom - to date back to Paleolithic times, noticing the overlap between R1b previously estimated age (about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago) and the European Upper Paleolithic. The hypothesis met apparent confirmation in the fact that the Basques, who traditionally have been considered descendants of the European Paleolithic strata, have one of the highest frequencies of R1b in the world. However, linguistic-historical studies performed by paleo-Hispanists, and also some genetic research[7], the latter focusing on the lower R1b1b2 diversity among Basques, disputed either their assumed remote Hispanic origins or their position as the group who has best conserved their Paleolithic European genetic ancestry, and deny Basque territory represents a mayor focus of expansion: "Contrary to previous suggestions, we do not observe any particular link between Basques and Celtic populations beyond that provided by the Paleolithic ancestry common to European populations, nor we find evidence supporting Basques as the focus of major population expansions" Despite lower frequencies, diversity is higher in Eastern Europe than in the west. Analysis indicates that all European variants of R1b shared an existence in Kazakhstan before migrating to Russia and then splitting into two major migrations, primarily along rivers and coastlines.[2] Diversity peaks also occur in other low frequency areas, especially northern Croatia.[8] v By 2008, T. Karefet et al., based on the latest discoveries on polymorphisms, rearranged the human paternal phylogenetic tree by adding one new haplogroup and altering some of the estimated ages of previously known haplogroups, including the parent haplogroup to R1b, R1, now considered to have originated 18,500 BP.[9]. Studies from Volga-Urals on the border of Europe and Asia have revealed high frequencies of R1b1b2 in Bashkirs, although the genetic diversity is low, suggesting a founder effect.[10] |
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| Below is certificate that confirms James O. Cook, Jr.'s mtDNA test results. | |||||||||||
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| Below is mt-DNA Human Migration Map for Haplogroups - James O. Cook's mt-DNA Haplogroup is T2 | |||||||||||
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| T2 Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration. The mitochondrial haplogroup T is best characterized as a European lineage. With an origin in the Near East greater than 45,000 years ago, the major sub-lineages of haplogroup T entered Europe around the time of the Neolithic 10,000 years ago. Once in Europe, these sub-lineages underwent a dramatic expansion associated with the arrival of agriculture in Europe. Haplogroup T2 is one of the older sub-lineages and may have been present in Europe as early as the Late Upper Palaeolithic. |
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